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Dental Dentistry
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This article is about the dental profession. For tooth care, see oral hygiene.
A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient.
Dentist, more appropriately "dental medicine", is the art and science of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions, diseases, and disorders of the oral cavity, the maxillofacial region, and its associated structures as it relates to human beings. While the work of dentists is often surgical in nature, dentists can and do treat many diseases of the oral cavity and face chemotherapeutically (i.e. with prescribed medicines).
A dentist is a doctor, qualified to practice dentist after graduating with a degree of either Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD), Bachelor of Dentist (BDent), or Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) or (B.Ch.D). In most western countries to become a qualified dentist you must usually complete at least 8 years of study; an undergraduate degree (usually in the sciences) and 4 years dental training. At least 2 years of practical experience working with patients in the educational setting during the last two years of training are required.
The first dental school, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, opened in Baltimore, Maryland in 1840. Harvard Dental School was the first dental school to affiliate with a university in 1867 (renamed Harvard School of Dental Medicine in 1940.)
General dentistry
General dentist is the only non-speciality field of dentist. General dentists typically do not focus their clinical practice on any particular discipline within dentist, and instead provide basic care within a variety of disciplines. However, they can (and often do) further their training in one or more speciality areas (such as surgery, endodontics, orthodontics, etc.). Hence, there can be a great deal of variation between the level of skill in different disciplines from dentist to dentist, however all dentists must achieve a certain degree of skill in various disciplines in order to graduate from dental school and earn licensure. General practitioners, unlike specialists, have the luxury of choosing which services they will provide and which they will refer to specialists. It is important to note that most general practitioners perform restorative, prosthetic, routine endodontic therapy, routine periodontal therapy, and simple exodontia, as well as performing examinations. Others are comfortable treating more complex cases, as well as placing implants and extracting third molars...among many other procedures frequently referred to specialists. Contrary to popular belief, most dentists do not regularly clean teeth, and instead delegate this task to their support staff (e.g. dental hygienists).
Dental Specialities
Development of teeth sculpture is a major improvement among dentist. In addition to general dentist, there are 9 recognized dental specialties in the US, Canada, and Australia. To become a specialist requires one to train in a residency or advanced graduate training program. Once residency is completed, the doctor is granted a certificate of specialty training. Many specialty progr Dams have optional or required advanced degrees such as (MD/MBBS specific to Maxillofacial Surgery), MS, or PhD.
• Dental Public Health (study of dental epidemiology and social health policies),
• Endodontics (root canal therapy and study of diseases of the dental pulp),
• Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases),
• Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases),
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (extractions, facial surgery and implants),
• Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth),
• Pedodontics (i.e. dentist for children),
• Periodontics (treatment of the periodontium, however most periodontists place implants),
• Prosthodontics (dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants. Some prosthodontists further their training in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics--a discipline concerned with the replacement of missing facial structures--such as ears, eyes, nose, etc.)
Specialists in these fields are designated registrable (U.S. "Board Eligible") and warrant exclusive titles such as orthodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, endodontist, pedodontist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local (U.S. "Board Certified"), (Australia/NZ: "FRACDS"), or (Canada: "FRCD(C)") registry requirements.
Two other post-graduate formal advanced education programs: General Practice Residency (advanced clinical and didactic training with intense hospital experience) and Advanced Education in General Dentist (advanced training in clinical dentist) recognized by the ADA do not lead to specialization.
Special category: Oral Biology - Research in Dental and Craniofacial Biology
Other dental education exists where no post-graduate formal university training is required: cosmetic dentist, dental implant, temporo-mandibular joint therapy. These usually require the attendance of one or more continuing education courses that typically last for one to several days. There are restrictions on allowing these dentists to call themselves specialists in these fields. The specialist titles are registrable titles and controlled by the local dental licensing bodies.
Forensic odontology consists of the gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.
Geriatric dentist or geriodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal ageing and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.
Veterinary dentist, a speciality of veterinary medicine, is the field of dentist applied to the care of animals [2][3].
Dental History
Farmer at the dentist, Johann Liss, c. 1616-17
Evidence has been found of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years. [1] The people of the Indus Valley Civilization, even from the early Harappan periods (c. 3300 BC), had knowledge of medicine and dentist. A physical anthropologist that examined exhumed bodies from that time period, Professor Andrea Cucina from the University of Missouri-Columbia, made the discovery when he was cleaning the teeth from one of the men. Stone age people in Pakistan were using dental drills made of flint 9,000 years ago. [2][3]
Some information contained in the Edwin Smith Papyrus dates as early as 3000 BC and includes the treatment of several dental ailments. [4][5] Hammurabi's Code contains some references to dental procedures and fees [6]. The Ebers papyrus also discusses similar treatments. [7] Examining the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans reveal early attempts at dental prosthetics and surgery.[8]
Medieval dentist extracting a tooth. London; c. 1360-75
Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the Middle Ages and through the 19th century, dentist was not a profession into itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually limited their practice to extracting teeth, which not only resulted in the alleviation of pain, but often cured a variety of ailments linked with chronic tooth infection. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac invented the dental pelican (resembling a pelican's beak) which was used through the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 20th century.[citation needed]
It is said that the 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentist science as we know it today; hence he was named "the father of modern dentist". Among many of his developments were, the extensive use of dental prosthesis, introducing dental fillings as treatment for dental caries and stating that sugar derivate acids like tartaric acid were responsible for dental decay.
Dentist throughout the world
Main article: Dentist throughout the world
Dental Organizations
Australia
• Australian Dental Association [9]
• Australian Dental Council [10]
• Dental Board of New South Wales
• Dental Board of ACT
• Dental Board of Queensland
• Dental Board of Western Australia
• Dental Board of South Australia
• Dental Practice Board of Victoria [11]
• Australian Society of Endodontics
• Australian Society of Periodontics
• Australian Society of Special Care in Dentist
• Melbourne Dental Student Society [12]
• Australian and New Zealand Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons [13]
Brazil
• Faculdade de Odontologia da UFPa [14]
• Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de S?o Paulo [15]
• Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Ibirapuera [16]
• Sociedade Brasileira de Estomatologia e Patologia Oral - Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Oral Pathology [17]
• Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontol?gica / Brazilian Society of Dentist Research [18]
Canada
• Canadian Academy of Pediatric Dentist [19]
• Association of Prosthodontists of Canada [20]
• Canadian Academy of Periodontology
• Canadian Association of Public Health Dentist [21]
• Canadian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons [22]
• Canadian Association of Orthodontists
• Canadian Dental Association
• Royal College of Dentists
Costa Rica
• Colegio de Cirujanos Dentistas de Costa Rica [23]
• Universidad de Costa Rica: Facultad Odontologica [24]
• Universidad Latina de Costa Rica [25]
Fiji
Dental Association of Fiji
Germany
• German Dental Association [26]
Hong Kong
• Faculty of Dentist, the University of Hong Kong [27]
• The Hong Kong Dental Association [28]
• The Dental Council of Hong Kong [29]
India
• Indian Dental Association [30]
• Indian Orthodontic Society [31]
• Dental Council of India[32]
• Dental Education India[33]
Ireland
• Irish Dental Association [34]
• Dental Health Foundation [35]
Israel
• Israel Dental Association [36]
Macedonia
• Dental Chamber of Macedonia [37]
• Faculty of Dentist, Skopje [38]
Malta
• Malta Association of Dental Students [39]
Miscellaneous
• American Veterinary Dental College [40]
• European Veterinary Dental College [41]
Netherlands
• Associatie Nederlandse Tandartsen (ANT) [42]
• Nederlandse Maatschappij tot Bevordering der Tandheelkunde (NMT) [43]
• Dutch association of dental hygienists (NVM) [44]
• Dutch association of denturists (ONT) [45]
• Dutch association of wholesalers in dentist (VGT) [46]
Portugal
• Ordem dos M?dicos Dentistas
• Sociedade Portuguesa de Estomatologia e Medicina Dentaria
• Universidade Cat?lica Portuguesa - Mestrado em Medicina Dentaria(Viseu)
Philippines
• Philippine Dental Association [47]
• Filipino-Chinese Dental Foundation, Inc.
Romania
• Colegiul Medicilor Romania [48]
Slovakia
• Slovak Chamber of Dentists [49]
• Association of Dental Hygienists in Slovak Republic [50]
• Slovak Chamber of Dental Technicians [51]
South Africa
• South African Dental Association [52]
Taiwan
• Taiwan Dental Association [53]
• Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China [54]
• Taipei Dental Association [55]
• Taichung Dental Association [56]
• Kaohsiung Dental Association [57]
• Taiwan Academy of Pediatric Dentist [58]
• ROC Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons [59]
• Taiwan Association of Orthodontists [60]
United Kingdom
• General Dental Council
• British Dental Association
• British Dental Health Foundation [61]
• British Orthodontic Society [62]
• British Society of Paediatric Dentist [63]
• The Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) [64]
• Orthodontic Technicians Association [65]
• School of Dentist, University of Birmingham [66]
• University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School [67]
United States
• Academy of Comprehensive Esthetics [68]
• American Academy of Implant Dentist. Advancing the standard of care for comprehensive implant dentist since 1951.
• American Dental Education Association [69]
• American Dental Association
• American Student Dental Association [70]
• American Academy of Cosmetic Dentist [71]
• Academy of General Dentist [72]
• American Academy of Periodontology
• American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• American Association of Orthodontists
• American College of Prosthodontists [73]
• National Museum of Dentist
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